نشریه پژوهش های برنامه و توسعه
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1400)

Regional development and deprivation is one of the priorities of development programs and has been emphasized in various economic development plans of the IRAN. One of the prominent examples of this type of development is the establishment and formation of industrial companies and factories in different regions of the country. From this point of view, evaluating the experience of banks Ownership and shareholding can be useful and can be applied under conditions for some regions of the country and with a development perspective. The present paper examines the role of banks in specific companies such as cement, pharmaceuticals and chemicals and offers suggestions regarding different industries and some experiences. The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of bank equity on the performance of enterprises. this study is based on econometric analysis and using the data of 26 listed companies in the period 2009 to 2013. results shows that Bank’s shareholding have a significant and positive impact on the performance of companies, as well as the type of bank shareholders, type of industry and sanctions have different and significant impact on performance.

Institutional economics is one of the most important economic traditions that not only challenged the mainstream economics but also opened up new horizons in the domain of economic knowledge by identifying the philosophical and theoretical outlets and gaps of orthodox economics through its path-breaking studies. Veblen, Commons and Mitchell are generally cited as the main founders of institutional economics. Those who in the early twentieth century established their institutional approach with their huge philosophical and theoretical efforts. Considering the importance of their scientific work in economics,, this article will attempt to reflect on some of their most important scientific achievements. Of course, this will be done on two levels. First, the ideas of these three economists will be discussed separately, and some of the most important components of their ideas will be analyzed. In the following, and because of the relative independence of these three prominent thinkers, we will compare their thoughts and ideas in order to identify some of their similarities and differences.

Moving countries toward trade development has led to a reduction in direct trade taxes and replaced them with domestic taxes such as value added tax (VAT). The use of value added tax with a view to curbing trade restrictions has had an important bearing on its impact on trade. There are different views on the impact of VAT on trade which often do not include the same results. There are few empirical studies in this regard that are limited in scope, too. Hence, in this paper, the impact of value added tax on trade in 52 countries, including the 10 oil exporting countries and 42 non-oil exporting countries during the period 2000-2015, has been studied. For this purpose, two models of exports and trade are estimated for the data of selected countries. The results indicate that value added tax has a negative and significant effect on trade and exports in both countries. But its negative impact on oil exporting countries is higher than non-exporting countries.

In recent years, the growth of unemployment and the phenomenon of "jobless growth" has been a major problem in many countries, although the root of it can vary from country to country. The survey of Iran's economic data reveals that since the decade of the 1380s, changes employment has not been the same as economic growth for many years. Therefore, in this research, the hypothesis is examined whether the relationship between economic growth and employment in the Iranian economy is declining; in other words, can it be claimed that the Iranian economy is incapacitated by the economic difficulties of creating suffering takes for this study, using the time-varying model in the form of space-state model and clarifying the employment relationship with the help of explanatory variables of economic growth, active population, real wages, oil revenues and inflation, examined the phenomenon of jobless growth during the years 1357-1395 paid. During the model estimation, the amount and effect of explanatory variables on employment as well as the effect of economic growth on employment have been estimated. The results indicate that the relationship between economic growth and employment during the period under review was not constant and in the decade of 1390 the relationship between these two variables was negated.

Planning regions always face many demanding situations that can deter regional perspective and goals; due to this fact, the resilience notion is becoming more and more topical concept in planning. It seems that in Iran there is no integrated framework for assessing regional resilience, especially from an economic perspective; therefore, the aim of this article is set to define a resilient economy framework at the regional scale. Based on library study and relevant stockholders' opinions, six main criteria considered, followed by some sub-criteria, namely “the variety and dependency of the economy”, “regional relation type with the external environment”, “the rate of dependency to innovation”, “the condition of regional firms”, “the condition of regional families”, “the type of regional economic sectors connections”, and “good governance". Our analyses showed that the Tehran region faced a long shock, about five years and the recovery process was much faster than the national level. However, the national level experienced three short shocks between 2006-2007, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012 years. These shocks were short and periodically happened; thus, this situation led to weakening the resilience capacity. Overall, the Tehran region is more resilient than the national level, mainly thanks to innovation, productivity, power of economic variety, and numbers of modules.

linking of futures studies with the tourism industry can create a suitable position for research in the field of urban tourism. The present study is seeking to analyze of key affecting propellants on the development of tourism in Rasht city with future studies approach. The present study in terms of purpose is qualitative and in terms of data collection method and final results is applied. To conduct this research, 34 factors were extracted as the main factors in 5 dimensions (environmental, socio-cultural, planning-institutional, infrastructure-welfare, economic) and Then the propellants factors were identified by using the Delphi method. For data analysis, the interaction analysis method was used in MICMAC software. The results of the study indicate that due to the distribution of variables, tourism development in the Rasht metropolis is unstable. Then the key factors were ranked that the variables of development of relations with neighbors, animal life, the existence of shopping centers, were ranked first to third, respectively. According to the studies conducted in this field, so far no study has been conducted in relation of tourism development futures studies in the studied area. Finally, four scenarios were presented for the future studies of the tourism industry in the Rasht metropolis.